Development and application of ambient aerosol concentrators to conduct health effects studies in the Los Angeles Basin TABLE OF CONTENTS

…………………………………………………………………………………………...vii Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………...viii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Task 1 report…………………………………………………………………………………….....3 Development and application of a transportable ambient aerosol concentrator and exposure facility suitable for human exposure to coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles Task 2 report………………………………………………………………………………….…..16 Conduct near-source studies of concentrated F and UF ambient particles (Freeway Study – Animal) Task 3 report…………………………………………………………………..…………………26 Conduct animal inhalation studies at Source and two Receptor sites (Source/Receptor Study) Task 4 report……………………………………………………………………………………..36 Collect coarse, fine and ultrafine particles for in vitro toxicity studies from source and receptor sites as well as downwind locations from gasoline freeway (in conjunction with animal studies in Tasks 2/3) Summary and Conclusions………………………………………………………………………42 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………….44 References…………………………………… ………………………………………………..46 List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………………50 A. Chang et al., (2002)………………………………………………………………… 51 B. Gong et al., (2004)…………………………………………………………………..61 C. Misra et al., (2002)…………………………………………………………………..70 D. Misra et al., (2004)…………………………………………………………………..88 E. Zhao et al., (2005)…………………………………………………………………...97